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Cortical implants
Cortical implants are a subset of neuroprosthetics that are in direct connection with the cerebral cortex of the brain. By directly interfacing with different regions of the cortex, these devices can provide stimulation to an immediate area and provide different benefits depending on their design and placement. A typical cortical implant is an implantable multielectrode array, which is a small device through which a neural signal can be received or transmitted.
The goal of cortical implants and neuroprosthetics in general is "to replace neural circuitry in the brain that no longer functions appropriately." 〔Berger, T. W., Hampson, R. E., Song, D., Goonawardena, A., Marmarelis, V. Z., & Deadwyler, S. A. (2011). A cortical neural prosthesis for restoring and enhancing memory. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8(4). doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/046017〕
==Overview==
Cortical implants have a wide variety of potential uses, ranging from restoring vision to blind patients or helping patients suffering from dementia. With the complexity of the brain, the possibilities for these brain implants to expand their usefulness are nearly endless. Some early work in cortical implants involved stimulation of the visual cortex, using implants made from silicone rubber.〔Hassler, C., Boretius, T., & Stieglitz, T. (2011). Polymers for Neural Implants. Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics, 49(1), 18-33. doi: 10.1002/polb.22169〕 Since then, implants have developed into more complex devices using new polymers, such as polyimide. There are two ways that cortical implants can interface with the brain, either intracortically (direct) or epicortically (indirect).〔Konrad, P., & Shanks, T. (2010). Implantable brain computer interface: Challenges to neurotechnology translation. Neurobiology of Disease, 38(3), 369-375. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.007〕 Intracortical implants have electrodes that penetrate into the brain, while epicortical implants have electrodes that stimulate along the surface. Epicortical implants mainly record field potentials around them and are generally more flexible compared to their intracortical counterparts. Since the intracortical implants go deeper into the brain, they require a stiffer electrode.〔 However, due to micromotion in the brain, some flexibility is necessary in order to prevent injury to the brain tissue.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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